BUSINESS PLAN

OUR COMPANY:

Definition of the Firm: The firm, BKT, founded by five industrial engineers produces functional poster displays with high quality.

Mission: Our firms’ target is to renew and improve ourselves. The most important concepts for our company are to produce poster displays with suitable prices and high quality, to maintain financial comfort and to present services which consumers need.

Development and Statute: Charter members of our firm are five young industrial engineer nominees, namely, İrem Karahan, Ayça Arslan, Ayşe Karabeyoğlu, Begüm Işık, Nihan Karaveyisoğlu. The first workplace that our firm starts production was founded and contracts were signed. The firm takes up a loan for workplace and the payment arrangement is done.

Future Plans: If we reach the desired results until the end of sixth month, we are planning to make a profit and to fix our place in the market. Our aim in five years is to change our production place from workplace to factory.

INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS:

Although there are a lot of productive company, since BKT works by regarding customer’s fluxional demands, our company is preferred.

Future Trends and Strategic Opportunities: The expected development trend is positive both in the long term and in the short term. According to the data of Turkish Culture and Art Annual, the number of exhibition is increasing. Being proportional to this, the number of poster display demand is increasing, too.


PRODUCTS AND SERVICES:

BKT are going to answer consumers’ needs by producing functional poster displays with high quality. Products are going to be delivered to consumers’ addresses.

Products: BKT starts production with one sort of poster-display. Our product can be used multi-purpose, 2D and 3D.

Service: Consumers can access to BKT from the communication link of our web-page. Moreover, they can use our phone and fax number to access BKT.

Future Prospects: When BKT reaches the target, product range will be extended and production will be done by mass production. Thanks to mass production, BKT could answer more consumers’ needs faster.

TARGET MARKET:
- Schools
- Exhibition Halls
- Cultural and Conventional centers

Market Conditions and Customers: The city in which there are the most exhibition is Istanbul; therefore, our company has been founded in Istanbul. Initially, BKT puts its products on the market in Istanbul. Proportionally to the improvement of our company, they will also be distributed to other cities.


RIVALRY:
There is rivalry in poster display sector as in other industrial areas. However, there is not as much as rivalry in poster display sector. Because of the similarities in products, factors which we need in order to eliminate our rivals are strength and suitable prices.

Profile of Rivals:There are firms that are our rivals in launch area:
-Firms that have fixed their position in the area and that produce various types of products.
-Firms that are founded in the context of the course IE 102.
We have little chance to compete with old and well-known firms at the beginning of our enterprise. Our first aim is to make our firm one step further than other course firms.

Strategy for Rivalry:The properties of our product which make us better are
-strength, long-lasting and high quality
-two-year-guarantee
-suitable price
Since four different posters can be displayed in one poster-display, our product has property of four ones. In addition, because of use of 2D and 3D, it prevents waste of place and fits all places such as corners. These properties make our product preferable.


MARKETING PLAN AND SALE STRATEGY

Interpenetrating market area: Our company is located in Istanbul where industry of poster display is very common. In addition, the company prepared budget for public relations and advertisement.
Marketing Strategies: With focusing on a cast subject, marketing tools will be used for the announcement of the company.
• Media: newspapers, magazines, brochures, publications of students.
• Direct posting: business office for payments.
• Our company aims to be sponsor important projects after edging into the market.
In the lab of flotation, our company will make an agreement with the company of advertisement and organization.
Marketing is divided three subjects:
1.Opening: The announcements will be sent to the companies and universities.
2.Constant study: Advertisement and organization company and announcements will be evaluated regularly.
3.Selling point: The products formed by bound of directors will affect customers positively.
Future Plans and Strategic Chance: Deliveries of inside of the city and outside of the city can be important part of overall sales. According to costumers’ needs, there can be new selling points in other areas.

ACTIVITIES:

Foundation and offices:
BKT has an office and an atelier. Our 500-squaremeter-atelier, which is located at Ortaköy Cultural Center, Afife Jale Hall Dereboyu Road, No:12/A Ortaköy-İstanbul, has been used as depot. Therefore, this depot needs some changes which include that 100-squaremeter-part of the depot is allocated in order to be used as depot, so our transporting and depot cost decreases. We have contracted with a contractor. While the contractor has paid the expenses about building, we have provided the instruments which are used in the atelier ourselves. There exists an office in the atelier apart from our office which is located at this address, 4. Gazeteciler Site, Ülgen Street, A4 Levent İstanbul.

Activity times:
Our atelier is open 7 days in a week, from 8 AM to 5PM,and we have a break between 12.00 and 13.00. According to programming, each employee has a day off in a week. Furthermore, our atelier is closed 1st of January and on the first two days of religious bairams.

Education of employees:
Our employees will be informed about our firm’s working principles and poster display manufacturing. Moreover, they will be taught first-aid because of the possibility of accident in atelier.

System and Controlling:
We implement some tests to our poster displays, which are produced as durable, functional and eco-friend, before putting them on the market. The products which are approved by these tests have 2-year-guarantee, and if our product is damaged in the borders of guarantee conditions, it is exchanged with a new one. The cost of our products and the transporting expense are controlled regularly. Furthermore, the essential tests about our atelier’s waste are implemented periodically.

Manufacturing of poster display:
Our materials become a poster display by being applied some operations in skeleton, hinge ,stand and protecting part benches, then they are stocked at the depot in our atelier until the distribution time.

Distribution:
Our firm has contracted with two trucks for distribution, and they distribute our products 5 days in a week into Istanbul, and 1 day to other cities.


MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION:

Key Personnel and Executives:
İrem Karahan is the chairman of our firm. Other charter members, Nihan Karaveyisoğlu, Begüm Işık, Ayşe Karabeyoğlu, Ayça Arslan, are management personnel.

Salaries and Incentive: At the beginning of our business life, we will pay minimum wage to our employees. When the firm reaches to firs target , we pay bonus for new years and religious days. Moreover, when the firm reaches intended level of growth, employees will benefit from profit.

Administrative Body:It consists of five industrial engineers.

Consultants and Professional Support Resources:
Aircraft engineer Alp Arslan, civil engineer Zuhal Karahan and certificated mechanical engineers Çağrıl Işık and Sare Toplar are consultants of BKT.

Participants of Management:
Chief executive officer is İrem Karahan. Director of finance is Ayşe Karabeyoğlu. Director of transportation is Ayça Arslan. Nihan Karaveyisoğlu is responsible for workplace. Begüm Işık is responsible for marketing and advertisement.

Method and Structure of Management:Our CEO is İrem Karahan and administrative body and employees work under control of İrem Karahan.

Ownership:All charter members are identical shareholders.


SECULAR TREND AND DISBURSEMENT PLAN

The goals: BKT is an innovative company. Our aim is that in the beginning, with the production of poster displays, distribution will be performed in Istanbul and then other cities. If our company will reach the goals, product range will be widened.

Strategies: Marketing chains will focus on mass production and distribution. With the change of market, the new products will be presented to save sales according to costumers’ needs.

Milestone: After the opening of factory, profitability and sales will be watched closely. If our company will reach the goals until two years, BKT will open a factory.

Preference

If I were one of these people, I would prefer to be Abrahan Maslow. Because his works depend on human. I think problems about systems cannot solve if there is human problem. Abraham Maslow, firstly, tries to explain the humans basic needs and the problems about them, so he worked in order to make people feel better. If people feel feel good, they can work efficiently, and they can cope with other problems about system.

Types of Engineers

Although engineers works with similar methods, they have differences with respect to their interests. There are a lot of engineering types. They are basicly classified into five types:
- Civil engineering
- Chemical engineering
- Electric and electronical engineering
- Mechanical engineering
- Industrial engineering

Civil Engineering: Civil engineering is interested in very large field, from development project to infra-structure project.Civil engineers work on plans of structures. They also controls the construction of structures by using scientific methods. Civil engineering includes a lot of subjects such as structure, hydaulic, transport systems, building materials and their analiysis.

Chemical engineering: Chemical engineers investigate the chemical structures of materials and the energy that they have. A chemical engineer
- finds new products and develops them
- develops production tools.
Chemical engineers solves the problems about chemical structures ande eenegy of materials by using mathematics, physics, biolagy and economics.

Electric an electronical engineering: Electric engineering is basicly interested in the productions of electric energy and use of it. They also works on distrubition of electric energy, the tııls of working with electric energy, and electric systems. Electric engineering has several subtitles. Some of them are power, optpelectronic, telecommunication.

Mechanical engineering: Mechanical engineers work on mechanical systems and the transformation of energy. They design a machine or mechanic system and their transformation of enegy. Ther repair find methods in order to repair machines, and they find some production methods and implement them. Mechanical engineers work on gas and steam tribune, compressor and nuclear reactor and their heating, cooling,ventilating systems.

Industrial engineering and effects:
An industrial engineering is interested in the usage, development and management of sources such as material,manpower,machine and money.Industrial engineering tries to find the efficient ways of usage of time, money, material and energy which are the basic needs of other engineerings, so industrial engineering increases the other engineerings' quality. While other engineerings works on an specific part, industrial angineering regards the totalof system, so it coordinates the other engineerings. Human in an important factor of industrial engineer's work. Therefore industrial engineering is interested in the social science as much as the natural science.

There are some other engineering some of which are subtitles of the basic engineerings mentioned above. These are:
- Aerospace engineering
- Agricultural engineering
- Biomechaical engineering
- Computer engineering
- Environmental engineering
- Food engineering
- Material engineering
- Mining engineering
- Petrolium and natural gas engineering

What does an engineer do?

An engineer makes life easy. To do this, he/she invents a machine,or builts bridges,or solves problems by using principles of science and mathematics. An engineer supplies people's needs by using the knowledge which he/she get while they are searching, or analizing,or planning. An engineer thinks diffrernt, so he/she inds different solutions to problems. An engineer develops technology while he/she is utilizing. They do all of these in order to provide people's needs. In other words, an engineer makes life easy.

Engineering as a profession

Profession can be described as a concept which has different properties from occupation which does not depend on knowledge and special skills. Professional is opposite of amateur who work or do something for only pleasure. However, a professional person earn money when they work. Moreover, to have profession, people must be educated at academic level.
There are a lot of professions such as profession of doctor, profession of lawyer etc. One example pf profession is engineering. Engineering has some contradictions with the firms they work because of the difference of the attitute to the events in professional life. William Kornhause explains reasons of this contradiction with four points:
1) Aims
2) Controls
3) Encuragement
4) Affection
In conclusion, "engineering as a profession" tells me the job of engineers in work life, and engineers are people who have academic education which gives them different point of view. Therefore these people have some contradictions in their work life. And also, an otjer proffesions, engineering has some ethics such as being reliable, having responsibility etc.

Origin of Engineering and Engineering Education

Actually, engineering was born when people existed on the earth. B.C, people should have been creative and rational in order to cope with the problems which they faced first time. They would use their creativity and thinking ability,in order to survive, against hunger, enemy, climate conditions. As we can understand from its meaning, "engineering" derived from the word "ingenuity" which means creativity, being rational, so although ancient people did not know, lots of them were engineer.
Since people create something according to their needs, the first engineers were war engineers who built castles and implemented different war strategies.
We can divide the process of engineering's evolution into four main parts, namely:
1. Before Science
2. Industrial Revolution
3. Second Industrial Revolution
4. Knowledge Time

1) Before Science Term (BC 500 - 1500)
This term, which is also known as dark ages, continues from before Christ invention times to renauissance. In this period, artists and experts would get information by trial-error method or by copying their experts. Mechanical clock, printing system are some examples of the things created in before science term. Leonardo Da Vinci, who was an inventor, an engineer and an artist, invented lots of useful things. Architect Sinan is another example. He constructed mosques, roads, bridges which are built by civil engineers and architectures today.

2) Industrial Revolution Term (1750 - 1850)
In this period, practical ideas converted to engineering which combined the scientific system and creativity.
Engineering education started in this term in France. Engineering, especially civil engineering, became real proffession, and it was taught in university. The first school of engineering in America is the Rensselaer Polytechnic Instıtute which taught civil engineering.
In this term civil engineering and mechanical engineering got importance. Some example:
- James Walt invented steam engines.
- Whitworth invented cutting instruments with rotating knife, piercing instruments, lathe etc,so serial manufacture existed.
- Stephenson and Bruner developed railroad and locomative.

3) Second Industrial Revolution Term
Civil engineering and machine engineering were important also in second industrial revolution term. England had a big effect on engineering from second part of 18th century to beginning of 19 th century. In this time engineering about aeronautic, nuclear energy, electronic, minig,communication were developed.

4) Knowledge Time
After Second World War, the explorations in almost all field become faster, and engineering became a science which includes creativity and human systems. In this term, microelectronic was developed,and computer was invented.

Henry Ford (1863 - 1947)

Henry Ford, who is the founder of Ford Motor Company, was an engineer. He had been working on mechanic since his younger ages. Eventually he found his own company, Ford Motor Company. Generally this company put only one model on the market. Model T and Model A became well-known models of For. This company also became very famous and very rich.

Achievements of Ford Company would depend not only on the models of the company but also on the attitude of Henry Ford to organization, planning and innovation on work life. In fact, this attitude of Henry Ford is known as Fordism.
Some examples of his management style which leads he following investors:
1. Thanks to conveyor belt, workers did not have to move a lot. Hence they would save time by using this conveyor belt efficiently.
2. He believed taht cost would decrease thanks to division of labor and rationality.
3. He increased workers' wages and decreased workweek. (i.ei he adopted "wage motive" working style.)
4. He was exactly against labor unions. Therefore recruited Harry Benett.

Henry Ford observed the conditions of the world's market very well, and he invested according to his observation. For example, although Henry Ford was againnst war, since he war a businessman, he made serious profit by saling muntions during World War I and World War II. After these wars had ended, he changed his investment field, and he worked on peace-based production.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Frederick Taylor, an American mechanical engşneer, improved industrial efficiency. Frederick Taylor, who was also managment consultant, would think that the managment can be considered as an academic discipline. Moreover, the partnership between trained and qualified management and a cooperative and innovative workforce would bring the best result.Taylor was known as a leader of Efficiency Movement due to his this thought. He also believed that the "one best way" is to analyse work.

(Effciency Movement :It was a movement which claimed that everything would be better thanks to being identified by experts.)

"It is only thought enforced standardization of metods, enforced adoption of the best implements and working conditions, and enforced cooperation that this faster work can be assured. And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing the cooperation rests with management alone" (Taylor, 1989,229).


Taylor was also known with his works on developing the time and motion study.
Louis Brandeis, proagandist of Taylorism, called the term " scientific managment" whose principles are:
1. Replace rule-of-thumbwork methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.
2. Scientifically select, train,and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves
3. Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" ( Montgomery,1997,250).
4. Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks.

Scientific management optimized the tasks' way and simlified the jobs enough to let workers be trained to perform their specialized sequence of methods in the "one best way".
Taylorism affected whole world from the USA to USSR on so many field such as railroad, industry, education, psychology etc.

Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970)

Abraham Maslow,American psycologist, has a theory known as hierarchy of needs which is very important issue for psycology. According to his theory, people's some needs have priority on others. People's needs can be catagorized into five groups, each of which can be matced a development rank, and these groups have a hierarchy into themselves.
Maslow arranged these needs in a pyramid. In this pyramid, the lowest level-need, the most essential. According to Maslow a person cannot pass the upper level before supplying the lower ones.
These levels namely are:
1. Physicological needs: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion etc.
2. Safety needs: security of body, security of employment , security of resources, security of morality, security of family, security of health, security of property etc.
3. Love/ Belonging needs: friendship, family, sexual intimacy etc.
4. Esteem needs: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others etc.
5. Self-actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, prolem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts etc.


Maslow's theory, hierarchyof human needs, led the works of Henry Murray, who was a American psycologist, so it brought the basics of wide-ranging and validated work which are related to achievement, affiliation, power and ambitoin.

Max Weber (1864 - 1920)

Max Weber, German philosopher and sociologist, worked on rationalization in sociology of region and government. (where rationalization is a task such that for efficiency social actions and interactions are more important than motivation derived from custom, tradition or emotion.)
The most famous essay of him is "The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism" which includes Weber's opinions about interaction betweenvarious religious ideas and economics. He was antipositivist. In other words, humanistic merits were more important for him than results of searches and ezperiments.
He was also known with his studies about political sociology and educational sociology. He used the concept, status, instead of class-based analysis like Karl Max did.
Max Weber developed three-componenr theory of stratification:
1. Social class is based on economical connections like owner, employee.
2. Status is based on noneconomical values like homour, prestige, religion.
3. Party touches on association in political domain.

Henry Fayol (1841 - 1925)

Henry Fayol, described as the father of modern operational management theory (George,n.d.,146), thought management as a prcess, and divided it mainly five functions:
1) Planning:
According to Fayol, the unity of commands was a vety important issue for management. Therefore, he believed that it would be good if every people im management joined to planning.
2) Organizing:
Organizing is an important function because it makes the company work in combination to reach their aims.
3) Commanding:
To make good decisions and to head the staff efficiently, a director should know his or her staff.
4) Coordination:
By coordinating, a firm works easily and there will be a unity in the firm.
5) Controlling:
To make necessarily correction, a director should get feedback by controlling.

14 points, which were described by Fayol and published in General and Industrial Managment in 1949, help people to apply the management functions:
1. Specialization of labour
2. Authority
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination of individual interests
7. Remuneration
8. Centralization
9. Chain of superiers
10. Order
11. Equit
12. Personnel tenre
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps

According to Fayol, there exists mainly 6 activities in a firm:
1. Tecnique activities
2. Comercial activities
3. Financil activities
4. Security activities
5. Accounting activities
6. Management actievities

Generally Frederic Taylor approached scientific management from workers' side, and studied for increasing technical and economic efficiency. On the other hand, Henry Fayol applied system management to execution.

Frank Gilbreth - Lillian Gilbreth

Both Frank and Lillian were members of the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), and they were lecturers at Purdue University. They also worked together in their own managment consulting firm, and they were the leaders of industrial engineering.

The work of Gilbreths were usually on the development of motion study and time-and-motion study. During their studies, they described all motions with 17 basic motions and their combinations, which were known as the motion therbligs.

" One best way" was very important concept in their work life. Thanks to the "one best way" and the motion therbligs, the continuous quality improvement was developed.

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth affected the people working on different fields with their motion study and "one best way" study. For example, Frank Gilbreth proposed a surgical nurse who handed surgical instruments in order to help the doctor, so the doctor could consantrated only on their patients. Moreover, Lillian Gilbreth transcribed "one best way" to household tasks.

The Frederick Taylor's work and the Gilbreths' work are often associated. Actually they have a huge philosophical difference because while Gilbreths tried to reduce the motions included in order to make process more efficient, Taylor reduced the time of process for efficiency.

PLAN OF PROJECT ( 2nd GROUP)

Project:

Design of a poster display

Aim:

Production of a poster display having high quality,cheap, aesthetic, functional.

Expectance:

Decreasing the cost by producting a poster display which can be used as four ones.

Customers:

• Schools
• Exhibition halls
• Cultural and conventional centers

Production process:

1. Deciding the materials
2. Cost research
3. Getting the materials
4. Production

a) Making skeleton

b) Fitting the hingers

c)Fitting the stands of the poster display

d) Fitting the protective part of the poster display