A problem is something which prevents people from reaching their aims. A problem disturbs the conditions which are required for presentation of product-service, and it causes that product and service are inconsistant with each other.
A problem means that there is something which has not been solved, and occurs where there is an important difference between the reality and the desired thing.
We meet problems in every field of our lives, so there are so many types of problem such as mathematical problem, problem in class, optimization problem, problem in business and engineering.
The "root cause analysis" is used in order to solve the problems whose causes are not known. The differences between real conditions and desired ones are called problem in business and engineering.
An optimization problem requires the best solution of all solutions which is find by considering all conditions.
http://www.trakya.edu.tr/hastaneweb/pct.PPT#257,2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem
2)Method:
Methos is the way which is followed in order to reach a purpose. Some meanings of "method" in different areas:
- Scientific method is a series of steps taken tu acquire knowledge.
- Method in computer science is a piece of code which is associated with a class or object to perform a task.
- Method in music, a kind of textbook to help people learning to play a musical instrument.
Considering all these different meainings of "method", people recognize that they have a common point which is that method helps people to achieve something and to reach aims easily.
There is an important concept about "method" which is called "method research".
Method research is the sum of developing and implying easier methods and assessing scientificly the suggested ways in order to decrease cost. Method research which iddentifies, develops and standardized business with a systematic attitude increases efficiency by
- decreasing the waiting time of workers and machines
- removing the unnecessary motions of workers
- developing better working conditions
- decreasing wastage of material
- decreasing quality disorders.
http://tr.wikitionary.org/metot
http://www.students.itu.edu.tr/~ergonomi/bilbank/isetud2.html
Methodology:
Methodology which contains a collection of theories and different approaches is a systematic study of methods, and it criticizes methods which can be applied within discipline. Methodology means the analysis of the principles of rules and assumptions by discipline.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology
3)Theory:
Theory is a concept which includes reasoning and logical connections based on the hypotheses and evidence. Theory is a total of rules which explain a lot of events systematically, definitions and observations which explain the relationship between variables basicly. Each theory is self-consistent and consistent with one another.
"Theory" has different meanings accordingly methodologies and context of discussion.
In science, theory connects natural phenomena, predictions of future occurances and previous experiments and observations logically and systematicly, and formalizes them. Theories depend on experimental evidences, so they are testable. Therefore, theories are open to correction.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory
http://www.mwillett.org/atheism/theory.htm
http://wiki.answer.com
Hypothsis:
Hypothesis is a tempory explanation of the relationship between the facts which are observed scientifically. Hypotheses should be tested with scientific methods by different people. An hypothesis may be a prediction which is a result of an laboratory experiment or ann observation of a phenomenon in nature. According to Karl Popper, Austarian and British philosopher, A hypothesis must be falsifiable.
Comparing theory and hypothesis, people say taht theory valids at wider sets of universals than hypothesis does. Hypohersis which deals with more specific phenomena than thepry does becomes a theory as long as a lot of scientific confirm and adopt it.
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotez
http://ansiklopedi.turkcebilgi.com/Hipotez
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper
Paradigm:
Paradigm is a model which is defined as scientific achievement for a time. Paradigm is changeable,which means taht paradigm cannot solve all problems, and to solve these problems, new paradigms are formed.
People assagin some different meanings to this word in different fields. For example, according to Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist, a group of elements with similarities is called paradigm.Thomas Kuln, an American historian, defines this word as the set of practices which refers to a scientific discipline during a particular period of time. According to him, every paradigma is much more comprehensive than previous ones, so paradigmas are advancing. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, paradigm is a pattern or model.
In social psychology, it is a model of social structure which shows productivity relationship between state and individuals.
In researchs , it is a model of the process or experimental design.
Paradigm is a scientific approach which is adopted to solve or understand a problem.
An hypothesis should be a source of later researches in order to be called as paradigm.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm
http://www.termbank.net/psychology/5462.html
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigma
4)Strategy:
The word, strategy, has been borrowed from military and adopted for use in business. Strategy, which is all of perspective, position, plan and pattern, fills the gaps between policy or high order goals and tactics.
In business, strategy is to recognize the changes of customers preference, to be able to observe the changes of working style and to serve different opportunities the competitors cannot do.
Strategy is a path which is used in order to reach the target which ihas been determined.
Strategies which make problem easier to understand are generally about choice, which affects results.
"Strategic management" refers the development, planning, implementing and controlling strategies of the companies.
Strategic planning and strategic management should not be confused. Strategic planning is the first step of strategic management.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy
http://home.att.net/ñickols/strategy_definition.htm
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strateji
http://www.canaktan.org/yonetim/stratejik=yonetim/strateji-kavrami.htm
http://www.ozyazilim.com/ozgur/marmara/uluslararasi/stratejikplan.htm
Plan:
Plan is a design of the work which explains how it will be, when it will occur.People or companies need plans in order to use sources and time efficiently.
http://sgdb.trakya.edu.tr/Stratejik_Planlama
Control:
The word, control, means checking, testing or verifying by evidence or experiments. Another meaning of "control" is to exercise restraing or directing influence.
There are important concepts about control which are control theory and control system.
Control theory which is an interdiciplinary branch of engineering and mathematicsworks on the behavoir of dynamic systems. A controller enters the inputs to a system in order to obtain the references which are desired output when output variables of the system need to follow a certain reference.
A control system is a set of devices which manages, directs or regulates the other systems.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Theory
http://www.merrian-webster.com/dictionary/control
5)Model:
A model describes the original of what people consider about. Amodel helps people to understand the essence of it without having to deal with complexities. A model, which is a pattern, plan, represantation, or description of an object, system,or concept, may refer to abstractions, concepts and theories.
There are a lot of model types, one of which is business model.A business model shows the various aspects of company, its puspose, offerings, strategies,infrastructure, organizational structures, trading practices and operational processes and policies, and how it works without having to deal with the complex details of its strategy.
A business model converts new technology to economic value and draws on economics, enterpreneurship, finance, marketing, operations, and strategy of business. A business model has 6 components:
- value proposition
- market segment
- value chain structure
- revenue generations and margines
- position in value network
- competitive strategy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_model
http://business-model-design.blogspot.com/2005/11what-is-business-model.html
http://www.quickmba.com/entre/business-model
Snowball Effect:
Snowball effect is a term which represents a process that starts from a little significant initial point, and then becomes larger and larger. Hence its effect becomes larger, and the boundaries of the ares it affects enlarge. Its increase may be dangerous.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_effect
Waterfall Diagram:
Waterfall diagram draws the linear flow of steps in a progressive nature. It has phases which show the development of process, and each phase has a distinct goal. Following the waterfall diagram a process can pass the next step as long as it completes the previous one, and there is no turning back. Waterfall development provdes a company departmentalization and manageral control.
http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid92_gci519580,00.html
http://www.billiondolargraphics.com
6)Validation:
Validation is checking if something matches or satisfies a particular criterian.
In a quality management system, validation can refer to the confirmation the needs of customer are met.
Validation is analysing and testing the integrated system, checking that the verification process is complete and showing that tools are suitable for purpose.
" Validation" and "verification" should not be confused. Validation makes people sure about "they manufactured the rigth product", and verification makes people sure about "they manufactured the product right".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity
http//www.blurtit.com/q875830.html
Significance:
In general,significance is the quality of being important. However, statistically significant means a result which is unlikely to have occurred by chance. If a result is highly significant, it means that this result is very probably true. It does not mean taht it is important, so we can say that significancy, in statistics, is the probability of being true.
http://en.wikipedia/wiki/Significance
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/significance
Reliability:
In general,if a system or a person maintains its function in every condition,even in hostile and unexpected circumstances, the system or the person is called reliable, and reliability is the ability of being reliable.
According to IEEE, reliability is the ability of the system which continues performing the required functions for specified period of time.
In statistics,reliability refer to the consistency of measurement. Reliability is inversely related to random error. Reliability and validity are different. For reliability, whether the instrument measures consistently or not is important, not what it measures,sothe results of measurement can be invalid even if the instrument is reliable.
Reliability theory:
Failure is called an "event", and predicting the rate of events or the probability of an event is the aim in reliability theory.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/retypes-php
Relevance:
Relevance describes the applicability and connection of some informat,on to a situation or a matter. Relevance has different meanings in different fields.
In logic, relevance logic refers to a logic which explains the relationship between implications' results.
In economics, relevance shows the changes of predictions of future events.
Relevant is a word which is used for describing these concepts,related and suitable.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevant
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance
7)Event:
Generally an event is an action or occurrence.
The word, event,defines a significant occurence for management, and "event" has different meanings in science, in technology and in philosophy.
There is a concept about event,called event management, which is helps people to manage events effectively and efficiently.
"Event" is one of the basis concepts of probability theory, which is a branch of mathematics related to analysis of random phenomena. Event describes the results which show probability.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory
http://www.itsmwatch.com/itil/article.php/372393
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/event.html
Process:
Process consists several logically related missions which are importanat to reach a business outcome or target defined before, and it shows all changes in a system.
Industrial process is a process which makes manufacturing easy.In system engineering, the word, process, is used for the steps which transform inputs to products.
There are some concepts about process such as process management, process control and process theory. Process management plans the process in oreder to make it more efficient and profitable. Process control works on controlling the outputs of process.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_management
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control
http://www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/InfoKits/process-review/process-review-6
http://its.syr.edu/eps/epsprocess.cfm
Life Cycle:
Life cycle is a process which contains the steps from initial to finish.
The product life cycle consists the introduction step of the product, development step, maturity step and declining step.
In introduction step, the cost of product is high; however the number of sold product is low since there are a few customer who know the new product.There is a little competition since the firm does not have a constant place in market with this new product.
In development step, costs decrease, and the number of sold product increases, so the firm makes a profit.Competition begins in this step.
In maturity step, costs are very low since the firm has a stable place in market. Competition increases. Industrial profits start to go down.
In declining- stability step, costs become optimal,and sales are stable or decrease. Profit becomes smaller.
The product life cycle has an importance for marketing since it shows the changes in the market.
http://en.wikipedia.prg/wiki/Product_life_cycle_management
http://www.quickmba.com/marketing/product/lifecycle
8)Iterative:
Iterative means repetitive and cyclical.
Iterative and incremental development works where the waterfall model cannot be applied.In other words, since there is no go back in waterfall model, it cannot be useful in all projects. In these projects, iterative and incremental development works because people can turn back to the step which has a problem again and again.
Iterative development means that scheduals are set up again in order to improve the system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development
http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid92_gci519105,00.html
Sequential:
"sequental" means following an order. There is no gap between the events, things,or processes which are sequential, and they are connected logically in an order.
http://www.blurtit.com/q700845.hmtl
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_(disambiguation)
9)Before taking photos for "beautiful and kitsch", we did some research in order to understand the meaning of "beatiful and kitsch". In other words, we collected data about our work. After collecting data, we investigated the campus to find some pictureabout our concepts, so we observed environment for a purpose. We realized something which we would use for our work,(awareness). Then we decided the photos we would take,which we abstracted the concrete things.
